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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Embedded SQL</span></span>

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<p><b>Embedded SQL</b> is a method of combining the <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> power of a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> and the <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> <a href="Data_Manipulation_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Manipulation Language">manipulation</a> capabilities of <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>. Embedded SQL <a href="Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a> are SQL statements written inline with the program <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, of the host language. The embedded SQL statements are <a href="Parsing" title="Parsing">parsed</a> by an embedded SQL <a href="Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">preprocessor</a> and replaced by host-language <a href="Call_site" title="Call site">calls</a> to a code <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a>. The output from the preprocessor is then compiled by the host <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>. This allows programmers to embed SQL statements in programs written in any number of languages such as C/C++, <a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> and <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>. This differs from SQL-derived programming languages that don't go through discrete preprocessors, such as <a href="PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a> and <a href="Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">T-SQL</a>.

</p><p>The SQL standards committee defined the embedded SQL standard in two steps: a formalism called <a href="Module_SQL" title="Module SQL">Module Language</a> was defined, then the embedded SQL standard was derived from Module Language.<sup id="cite_ref-modulelang_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modulelang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SQL standard defines embedding of SQL as <i>embedded SQL</i> and the language in which SQL queries are embedded is referred to as the <i>host language</i>. A popular host language is C. Host language C and embedded SQL, for example, is called <a href="Pro*C" title="Pro*C">Pro*C</a> in <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a> and <a href="Sybase" title="Sybase">Sybase</a> database management systems, ESQL/C in <a href="Informix" title="Informix">Informix</a>, and <a href="ECPG" title="ECPG">ECPG</a> in the <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> database management system.

SQL may also be embedded in languages like PHP etc.

</p><p>The SQL standard <a href="SQL%3A2023" title="SQL:2023">SQL:2023</a> is available through purchase and contains chapter <b>21 Embedded SQL</b> and its syntax rules.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Database_systems_that_support_embedded_SQL">Database systems that support embedded SQL</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altibase">Altibase</h3></div>

<dd>APRE is an embedded SQL precompiler provided by <a href="Altibase" title="Altibase">Altibase</a> Corp. for its DBMS server.</dd></dl>

<p><a href="IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a> for Linux, UNIX and Windows supports embedded SQL for C, C++, Java, COBOL, FORTRAN and REXX although support for FORTRAN and REXX has been deprecated.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IBM_Informix">IBM Informix</h3></div>

<p><a href="IBM_Informix" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Informix">IBM Informix</a> version 14.10 for Linux, Unix, and Windows supports embedded SQL for C. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>}

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microsoft_SQL_Server">Microsoft SQL Server</h3></div>

<dd>Embedded SQL for C has been deprecated as of <a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> 2008 although earlier versions of the product support it.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mimer_SQL">Mimer SQL</h3></div>

<p><a href="Mimer_SQL" title="Mimer SQL">Mimer SQL</a> for Linux, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> and Windows support embedded SQL.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<dd>Embedded SQL for C/C++ is supported on Linux, macOS, OpenVMS and Windows.</dd>

<dt>COBOL</dt>

<dd>Embedded SQL for COBOL is supported on OpenVMS.</dd>

<dt>Fortran</dt>

<dd>Embedded SQL for Fortran is supported on OpenVMS.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oracle_Database">Oracle Database</h3></div>

<dd>Pro*Ada was officially desupported by <a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> in version 7.3. Starting with Oracle8, Pro*Ada was replaced by SQL*Module but appears to have not been updated since.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SQL*Module is a module language that offers a different programming method from embedded SQL. SQL*Module supports the Ada83 language standard for Ada.</dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Pro*C" title="Pro*C">Pro*C</a> became Pro*C/C++ with Oracle8. Pro*C/C++ is currently supported as of Oracle Database 11<i>g</i>.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>COBOL</dt>

<dd>Pro*COBOL is currently supported as of Oracle Database 11<i>g</i>.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Fortran</dt>

<dd>Pro*FORTRAN is no longer updated as of Oracle8 but Oracle will continue to issue patch releases as bugs are reported and corrected.<sup id="cite_ref-langalts_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langalts-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></dt>

<dd>Pro*Pascal was not released with Oracle8.<sup id="cite_ref-langalts_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langalts-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<dd>Pro*PL/I was not released with Oracle8. The <i>Pro*PL/I Supplement to the Oracle Precompilers Guide</i>, however, continued to make appearances in the Oracle Documentation Library until release 11<i>g</i>. As of release 12c, the Pro*PL/I has been removed from the Oracle Documentation Library.<sup id="cite_ref-langalts_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langalts-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</h3></div>

<dd><a href="ECPG" title="ECPG">ECPG</a> is part of <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> since version 6.3.</dd>

<dt>COBOL</dt>

<dd>Cobol-IT is now distributing a COBOL precompiler for PostgreSQL</dd>

<dd>Micro Focus provides support via their OpenESQL preprocessor</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SAP_Sybase">SAP Sybase</h3></div>

<p>SAP Sybase ASE 15.7 supports embedded SQL for C and COBOL as part of the Software Developer Kit <a href="Sybase" title="Sybase">Sybase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SAP Sybase SQL Anywhere supports embedded SQL for C and C++ as part of the SQL Anywhere database management system <a href="SQL_Anywhere" title="SQL Anywhere">SQL Anywhere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SAP Sybase IQ supports embedded SQL for C and C++ as part of the Sybase IQ database management system <a href="Sybase_IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybase IQ">Sybase IQ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embedded_SQL_through_domain-specific_languages">Embedded SQL through domain-specific languages</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">LINQ-to-SQL</a> embeds a SQL-like language into <a href="List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">.NET languages</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Java_Persistence_API" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Persistence API">JPA</a> embeds a SQL-like language through <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/tutorial/doc/gjrij.html">Criteria API</a> into <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Java_Object_Oriented_Querying" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Object Oriented Querying">jOOQ</a> embeds a SQL-like language into <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Language_binding" title="Language binding">Language binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Module_SQL" title="Module SQL">Module SQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">Transact-SQL</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infolab.stanford.edu/%7Eullman/fcdb/oracle/or-proc.html">Introduction to Pro*C Embedded SQL</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/databases/2006/12/07/embedded-sql-with-pro-c.html">Embedded SQL with Pro*C</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a58231/ch2.htm">SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide, Release 8.0</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ecpg.html">ECPG, PostgreSQL Documentation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGU8G_14.1.0/com.ibm.esqlc.doc/esqlc.html">ESQL/C, Informix Documentation</a>'</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mimer.com/article/embedded-sql-in-c/">Embedded SQL in C, Mimer SQL Developer</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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